Tuesday, 29 December 2020

West Coast Commercial Fishing Permits for Groundfish

Are you looking to expand your West Coast Commercial fishing business? Have you been looking for West Coast commercial fishing permits for many different kinds of fish but aren’t sure where to look? We built the Commercial Fishing Permits Center so that commercial fishing professionals like you could spend less time filling out permits and more time out there making money. To that end, we have all of the forms that you might need, all in a format that you can easily fill out from just about anywhere.

The Sheer Amount of Groundfish
Over the years, we’ve found that many experienced commercial fishing professionals, even those who have been in or around the business for most of their lives, aren’t fully aware of just how many West Coast groundfish there are. According to the authorities, there are more than 90 different types of groundfish on the West Coast alone. That includes sharks, rockfish, flatfish, skates, and roundfish. These even include plenty of species most know, like Yelloweye Rockfish, Shortspine Thornyhead, Sablefish, Pacific Whiting, Petrale Sole, Lingcod, Pacific Code, Arrowtooth Flounder, and more. Really, we probably should’ve just listed the species off the West Coast that aren’t groundfish.

All of Our West Coast Commercial Fishing Permits for Groundfish
For years, we’ve told commercial fishing professionals “if you’re looking for commercial fishing permits, our site is the right place.” That’s especially true when it comes to permits for West Coast groundfish. As of this writing, we offer permits for “Groundfish Individual Fishing quota Vessel Account Registration,” “Groundfish Trawl Rationalization Ownership Interest,” Groundfish Mothership Cooperative Permit,” “Groundfish Observer Catch Monitor Provider Permit,” “Groundfish Sablefish Ownership Interest,” and “Groundfish Limited Entry Change of Ownership Vessel Registration.” Simply put, if it’s a permit dealing with groundfish on the West Coast, you can find it at our site.

The Lowdown on Renewal
Each of the above forms are different in many important ways. If you have any questions about your eligibility for any of these forms, or could use assistance in figuring out which forms are right for you, we’re more than glad to help. That said, while these forms are different, one thing they do have in common: they need to be renewed. In fact, for the most part, they need to be renewed annually. If you go through our site, however, you have the option of renewing them for up to five years in advance. Having even one less thing to worry about can be a great boon.

A Better Way Forward for Commercial Fishing Professionals
We know that when you go to fill out your commercial fishing permits, you just want to get it done as quickly as possible. That’s why we’ve made it so that you can fill out these forms from anywhere with an internet connection. Additionally, we have document processors on staff who can find and fix any even tiny errors you might make on these forms, so that you never have to worry about them being returned to you without your permit. For more: (866) 292-4204 or send us an email.

West Coast Federal Commercial Fishing for Highly Migratory Species

Before you head out to fish, you make sure you have everything you need. That means the equipment is all set, the crew is ready, as are your vessels, and so forth. Everything is in its place, so that when the time comes, you can just get out there and do it. The same applies to your commercial fishing permits, too. Just as you wouldn’t head out on the water without a working engine, you would not want to set out on the water without the right permits. At our site, you can find the right West Coast federal commercial fishing permits for “highly migratory species” and much more.

What Species This Permit Covers and Where it Does So
The “highly migratory species” in the Pacific Ocean that this fishing permits covers are sharks, swordfish, tunas, and billfish. As you might imagine, that’s quite a lot of commercial fishing right there. So, as it can be so lucrative, you don’t want anything to get in the way of making money – hence, these permits. With this permit, you’ll be able to fish those species in the West Coast Exclusive Economic Zone. So, it’s roughly 200 nautical miles off of the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. That’s a lot of area and a lot of fish. There’s a reason this is among our more popular forms.

Permit Facts
Should you get this permit, you have to have it on board the vessel. A picture of it on your phone or a copy of it, that kind of thing, will not keep you in compliance. If an authorized officer asks to inspect it, they have to be able to do so. The only exception to this is if the permit was issued while you were already at sea. This may happen more often than you think, particularly as our site is mobile optimized. That means our customers are able to apply for these forms from just about anywhere. That said, you will need to have a physical copy when you go back out on any later tip.

Renewing These West Coast Federal Commercial Fishing Permits
These forms are valid for two years. While that can be a long time, it’s also long enough for many vessel owners to forget about renewing them. That can lead to any number of problems as you might imagine. As one more way to help commercial vessel owners, we’ve made it so that we can renew your forms for you years in advance. So, when you first get this form through us, you’ll be able to renew it for up to two, three, four, and even five years in the future. It’s one more way to protect your business.

All the Permits You’ll Need
This is just one of the many commercial fishing permits we offer for the west coast. In fact, we have plenty of permits for fishing in the Pacific islands, the Atlantic Ocean, and just about anywhere else. To find all of the permits that you’ll need, head to our site. To talk to a representative, you can call us at (866) 292-4204 or send us an email on our site.

Alaska Commercial Fishing Permits Chinook Salmon

Are you looking to get into fishing Chinook Salmon commercially in Alaska? Have you reached the point where just about everything is in order, and all you need are the right Alaska commercial fishing permits? We know that acquiring the right permits for the Alaskan region isn’t always easy. That’s why we created a site for professional fisherpeople such as yourselves. Here, you can get all of the permits you need to fish what you want to fish, in and around Alaska as well as beyond.

Alaska Commercial Fishing Permits
There are big Pacific salmon and then there are Chinook salmon. These are the absolute, on average, biggest of Pacific salmon. For the most part, their weight exceeds thirty pounds and they measure more than three feet in length. Chinook salmon tend to make their way into the ocean, but they don’t all do it one year. “Ocean-type Chinook salmon” do so in their first year, but “Stream-types” spend an entire year in freshwater before heading out to the ocean. Regardless of when they get there, you’ll be able to fish them with the right permit.

Why You Need This Permit
The Alaskan fishing authorities had been looking for a way to minimize chum salmon and Chinook bycatch in the Bering Sea pollock fisher as much as possible. However, they also wanted to make sure that it was possible to have a full harvest of pollock total allowable catch, all while staying within the limits of prohibited species catch. These permits allow you to legally fish for Chinook salmon in Alaska without worry.

How We Can Help
Simply put, we make it easy to fill out the forms you need to fill out. You can find them all right at our site. Just click on “Alaska,” then scroll down to “Alaska Chinook Salmon Bycatch Efish.” From there, pick the right form for your needs. It could be the “Groundfish/Halibut CDQ and Prohibited Species Quota (PSQ) Transfer Request,” or alternatively it could be the “Application for Transfer of Bering Sea Chinook Salmon PSC Allocations.” If you didn’t already know, when it comes to commercial fishing permits in Alaska, the details matter. Should you have any questions about these forms, it’s best to reach out to us. We can walk you through your situation, to figure out exactly which forms are right for you right now.

Multiple Alaska Commercial Fishing Permits
If you clicked on “Alaska” at our site, then you probably saw that we have far, far more Alaskan fishing permits than just those for Chinook salmon. While fishing Chinook salmon is a great way to make a living, if you’re like many commercial fishing professionals, at one point or another, it could be time for a change. Should that be the case, you’ll be able to find all of the other forms that you might need for your business at our site as well. If you have questions about Chinook salmon fishing or anything else, don’t hesitate to reach out to us at (866) 292-4204 or send us an email on our site.

Commercial Fishing Permit for Coastal Pelagic Species and More

Have you been searching for a way to fish for Coastal Pelagic Species commercially? Do you want to fish using purse seine gear on the West Coast and want to be in compliance with the authorities? For as much time, effort, and money you put into your fishing, it only makes sense to do everything you can to get the right permits and documentation. Really, it’s a question of protecting your investment. Here at our commercial fishing permit center, we can help you to get all of the fishing permits you need for the West Coast and elsewhere.

Commercial Fishing Permit Center
Put simply, you need this permit if you’re to fish with purse seine gear (for either fishing or landing) Coastal Pelagic Species. Specifically, you need this permit if you’re going to do that in the limited entry fishery in the Limited Entry Zone. So, if you’re headed in there for those fish, and you’re going to fish using a large wall of netting around an entire school of fish or area, then you’re going to need this permit.

Some Eligibility Factors to Keep in Mind
You can only get this permit if you’re eligible to own a documented vessel. So, as you probably know, you have to be a United States citizen to own a documented vessel. There are, of course, some exceptions, but that’s the simplest path towards being eligible. We understand that, in the commercial fishing industry, things can happen. So, it is possible to transfer this permit from one vessel to another. Specifically, you can do that if the vessel without a permit has a capacity that’s at least “comparable” to the capacity of the permitted vessel. Additionally, you can transfer if the vessel that doesn’t have the permit actually has a less than comparable capacity.

About Coastal Pelagic Species and More
From speaking to some vessel owners, not all are aware of just how many different kinds of species come under the heading of “Coastal Pelagic Species.” For example, that includes market squid, northern anchovy, krill, Pacific sardines and jack mackerel as well as Pacific mackerel. Among the many reasons for these permits is that these species have to be carefully managed, as they are a crucial food source for birds, mammals, other fish, and much more.

A Commercial Fishing Permit for Your Commercial Fishing Business
As you can see from reading this blog, this kind of fishing is tightly regulated. There are many rules, some of which can seem opaque or even contradictory at times. That’s where we can help. If you go to our site, you’ll find all of the forms that you need to fish throughout the West Coast and beyond, for Coastal Pelagic Species and much more. Additionally, should you need any help with any of these forms, our staff is more than happy to be of assistance. We can answer your individual questions, or, if you’d like, go with you step by step throughout the form. For more: (866) 292-4204 or email us on our site. 

Alaska Federal Fishing Permit: What You Need to Know

Do you want to expand your fishing business into Alaska, but aren’t sure what the permit specifications are? Have you gotten to the point where you want to get your fishing business in Alaska off the ground and want to be in compliance? The next step may be to get an Alaska federal fishing permit. As you might imagine, there are some rigid requirements to these. This could be just the permit you need to take your business where you want to go. Or, alternatively, it might be another permit that allows you to fish the way you want to fish. As ever, we can help.

Alaska Federal Fishing Permit Explained
If you want to fish the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, or the Gulf of Alaska for groundfish, then you have to get this permit, period. However, there are others who could use this permit, too. For example, if your vessel is required to retain any bycatch of groundfish and you use it to fish for any non-groundfish species, then you will also have to get this permit. Speaking of groundfish, if you operate a shoreside processor that processes and/or receives groundfish that are harvested from Federal waters, then you’ll also want to make sure that you have this permit.

The Species You Can Fish With this
As you might imagine, this particular form of documentation covers many different kinds of species. In a general sense, this fishing permit is for those who are fishing Sockeye Salmon, Sablefish, Coho Salmon and Chum Salmon as well as Chinook Salmon. Many who fish Pacific Herring and Pacific Halibut also find that they need this particular permit, too. Of course, if you’re fishing Alaska Groundfish, it’s good to either get this permit or to talk to the professionals as to whether or not it’s a good idea.

Who This Permit is For
As of this writing, the vessels have to be designated on the licenses. We say “as of this writing” because the laws can change in regards to this. Additionally, you probably want to look into this permit if you own stationary floating processors that operate entirely within the state waters of Alaska. As with all forms of permits and documentation, it is better to be “safe” rather than “sorry.” This is why our experienced staff is happy to answer any questions you might have.

Fishing in and Around Alaska
There’s no getting around it: getting the right permit (or combinations of permits) for commercially fishing in Alaska can be difficult. At times, it can be downright confusing, particularly if you’ve never done it before. These are just some of the reasons that we work as hard as we can to simplify the process. Our site is mobile optimized, which means it opens on just about any kind of device from anywhere, so long as you have an internet connection. To speak to a member of our staff about these permits or others, just email us on our site or call (866) 292-4204.

Atlantic Commercial Fishing Permits to Stay in the Black with Atlantic Bluefish

Are you looking for the right Atlantic commercial fishing permits for your vessel? Have you been searching for a way to find the correct permits for fishing Atlantic Bluefish and other lucrative kinds of fish? The Atlantic has been fished for centuries if not longer. There’s still opportunity in those waves. However, to be able to do it legally, you need to have the right permits. That’s where we come in. We can help you to have the proper permits to allow you to catch all of the fish you want.

Atlantic Commercial Fishing Permits for Atlantic Bluefish
As you probably know, you’re going to need a permit to fish Atlantic Bluefish commercially. If you plan on catching them, transporting them, landing them, possessing them, or even selling and trading them, you’re going to need a permit. However, what some fishing professionals we’ve spoken to are sometimes surprised to hear, you will also need a permit if you’re going to fish them “recreationally” as well. For the purposes of this permit, that means you have a vessel that carries passengers for hire.

Who Can Get This Permit
Simply put, you can get this permit so long as you have a valid vessel operator’s permit. Now, the bluefish that are caught can only be told to someone who is in possession of a valid federal bluefish dealer permit. Additionally, you may want to check if it’s necessary for you to get what’s called a “Commercial Operator Permit.” These kinds of cards are necessary, should you be operating processor vessels, carrier vessels, and other forms of commercial vessels that have been issued a vessel permit for the Greater Atlantic Region and are fishing for it in possession of these fish. That’s also true if you’re operating a charter/party boat, too.

What to Know About Atlantic Bluefish
There’s a wide stretch of ocean in which you can find Atlantic Bluefish. From eastern Florida all the way up the eastern coast of the United States to Maine, you can find these fish. As of this writing, these fish have been classified as “significantly below target population levels.” However, the “Fishing Status” is also at the recommended level, so you will still be able to fish them. That said, there is an annual catch limit and the majority of the catch has been allocated, by the authorities, to the recreational fisheries.

Fishing Permits in the Atlantic and Beyond
You may have read the above paragraphs, from the eligibility requirements through the “annual catch limit” and thought: “this all feels like a lot.” That’s perfectly understandable. Regulation, whether it’s for your vessel, your fishing, or anything else, can be confusing. However, that’s where we can help. With our site, you can fill out the permits to catch Atlantic Bluefish (or just about anything else) anywhere you have an internet connection. If you’d like to talk to a member of our expert staff about this or anything else, you can reach us at (866) 292-4204 or send us an email.

South Atlantic Federal Commercial Fishing Permits for King Mackerel

Is it time for you to get into the game fishing for King Mackerel? Have you gotten everything together in terms of your vessel, your equipment, and your crew, and now you’re ready to head out on the water. Before you go, there’s one last thing to take care of: your permits. Here at the Commercial Fishing Permits Center, we’ve got the South Atlantic Federal Commercial fishing permits for King Mackerel as well as plenty of other species. That way, you can have peace of mind while you’re making money on the high seas.

What to Know About King Mackerel 

One of the best things about King Mackerel: there’s plenty of them. They aren’t in any danger of being overfished soon. In fact, they can be found in the Atlantic, from Brazil to Massachusetts in large numbers. In fact, they’re currently classified as “Above Target Population Levels,” so you’re welcome to go out and get them when the time is right. That said, there are limits. There are only so many of these permits available, so you want to take care of this fast. Moreover, there are limits in terms of both the season and per-trip, too. “Sooner beats later” in many facets of King Mackerel fishing, as reaching quotas causes areas or even seasons to close early.

King Mackerel South Atlantic Federal Commercial Fishing Permits Requirements
At our site, you can find permits for “King Mackerel Commercial Fishing Permit (Limited Access)” as well as the “Gill Net for King Mackerel Commercial Fishing Permit (Limited Access).” For both of these forms, you’re going to need a valid state registration or Coast Guard documentation. The good news, however, is that you can fill these forms out online at our site. So long as you have access to the internet, you’ll be able to complete all of these forms from just about anywhere.

How Renewal Works
Alas, filing for these permits once does not mean that they’ll last forever. For both of them, the “annual permit expiration date will be the last day of the permit holder’s birth month.” So, if you’re born in December, then December 31st would be your expiration date. But, with our site, we can actually renew for years into the future for you. Instead of having to do so by the end of your birth month every year, you can use our site to renew for up to five years in advance.

The Forms for Your Commercial Fishing Business
In commercial fishing, every second, every moment counts. You have a limited amount of time to fish for what you want to fish, and you need to be bringing money in. We understand that. It’s why we’ve done everything we can to make the fishing permits process as simple and streamlined as possible. If you can get on the internet, you can fill these forms out in just a matter of minutes. For help with any individual question or even to walk you through the forms, call us at (866) 292-4204 or send us an email.

Pacific Island Federal Commercial Fishing Permits for In and Around Hawaii

You’ve gotten your Hawaiian commercial fishing operation “off the ground.” You got the vessels, you’ve got the equipment, you’ve got a committed and talented crew. With all of that taken care of, now it’s time to get into the details – the permits. At our site, you can find the permits for Pacific Island federal commercial fishing in and around the Hawaiian area. That way, you can fish for what you want to fish for all while being in compliance.

Fishing for Lobster and Deepwater Shrimp
You got into the commercial fishing business to make money. It’s no surprise that there’s plenty of it in fishing lobster and deepwater shrimp. At our site, you can find the forms that allow you to do exactly that. Better still, however, is that you can fish for these lobster and deepwater shrimp in more than just Hawaii. This “Western Pacific” permit will allow you to fish in the EEZ around Hawaii as well as Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and even in Pacific Remote Islands Areas. If there are lobster and deepwater shrimp around there, you’ll be able to fish them.

Pacific Island Federal Commercial Fishing Renewal
When your equipment gets worn down from use, you get new equipment. That’s part of the job. The same goes for your permits as well. For example, take the “Western Pacific Crustaceans Permit for Lobster or Deepwater Shrimp” permit we mentioned previously. That’s only valid for one year from the date of issuance. So, you have to renew it each year. That is, of course, unless you do it through us at the Commercial Fishing Permits Center. We’ve made it so that you can renew these forms for two, three, four, and even five years in advance. We see it as one more way that we can help commercial fishing professionals like yourselves.

Permits for Non-Commercial Fishing, Too
Say you want to fish for bottomfish management unit species around the main Hawaiian islands, but not to make money. You want to do it for recreation, for peace of mind, because it’s fun, that kind of thing. You need a permit for that as well. The “Main Hawaiian Islands Non-Commercial Bottomfish Permit” lets you do just that. Remember though, if you have a current Hawaii Commercial Marine License, or you’re a charter fishing customer, you won’t need this permit.

Beyond Pacific Island Federal Commercial Fishing
We understand that not everyone will be commercially fishing for lobster or deepwater shrimp in the Exclusive Economic Zone around Hawaii. Our site isn’t called the “Hawaiian Commercial Fishing Permits Center.” So, you can find fishing permits for all over the United States as well as its Exclusive Economic Zone. If you’re interested in fishing commercially for, well, just about anything, you can probably find the corresponding form at our site. Moreover, you’ll find it in a way that you can fill it out from just about anywhere, provided you have an internet connection. For more call (866) 292-4204 or send us an email on our site. 

The Facts About a Federal Fisheries Permit in Alaska

Have you been trying to get into the Alaskan commercial fishing business? Do you have all of your ships, equipment, and crew lined up, and all you’re lacking are the permits? We’ve got you covered. Here at the Commercial Fishing Permits Center, we’ve got the forms that you need to keep you in compliance when you go fishing in Alaska. That said, there are some things you want to keep in mind as you’re sitting down to apply for a federal fisheries permit.

The Basics

First and foremost, only U.S. citizens are authorized to both receive and hold these permits. There’s no “wiggle room” here, no space for interpretation. If you aren’t a U.S. citizen, then this isn’t going to work. Now, obviously, there are people who aren’t citizens by birth but eventually become citizens, and so forth. If there are any questions about that or anything else related to these forms or others, our staff is more than happy to answer them.

Vessels that Qualify for a Federal Fisheries Permit

Is this the first time that you’re seeking this kind of permit application for this vessel? For many of our customers, that’s the case. If so, then you need proof that you own the vessel. As you might imagine, for a majority of vessel owners that’s going to be their Certificate of Documentation (should the vessel be documented). An Abstract of Title will, of course, suffice as well. However, even if your vessel isn’t documented, you can still show proof of ownership. All it takes is a copy of your State of Alaska vessel registration or license.

Things to Keep in Mind

Fishing in Alaska is regulated for many reasons. As such, there are certain responsibilities that a permit holder needs to be aware of. For example, you are responsible to know whether your catch is deducted from the GHL (State Guideline Harvest Level) or the TAC (Federal Total Allowable Catch). While there’s a lot of legal jargon around this, to put it simply, make sure that you’re legally allowed to fish where you’re fishing, when you’re fishing it, and with what tools you’re using to fish. If you’re in violation of any of those, then you could potentially be in serious trouble.

Tactics Matter

Are you participating in direct fisheries for pollock, Atka mackerel, and/or Pacific cod? Additionally, are you doing so with any kind of gear other than jig gear? If that’s the case, then there’s a whole other section of the form that you have to fill out. Having said all of this we understand how confusing all of this can get, even for the most experienced commercial fishing professional. To that end, our staff is trained and ready to answer any questions. Many customers have called us in the past to ask just a question or two about a form. However, we can also go through the form with you and answer all your questions. For more: (866) 292-4204 or send us an email.

Sunday, 27 December 2020

Know More About Alaska Commercial Fishing Permits

These days there are many industries which are booming and one of the industry is the commercial fishing which represents a very important part of the economy in the country and the fishery resources worldwide. There are renewable resource participants also available that must follow practices with support sustainability and the proper licensing, permitting, and reporting which is very essential to assist the managing agencies to make sure that the users will get to enjoy these resources for years to come. If you are sure that you have completed all the important types of operations or the work which are important to execute the commercial fishing then you will never face any kind of difficulty.

When you think about commercial fishing then you should have to take the permission and to get the Alaska commercial fishing permits you need the commercial fishing vessel license, so if anyone is working abroad of the fishing vessel must have a license which are issued by the Alaska Department of fish and game. If you are having a vessel and you plan for commercial fishing then you should have to take the permission along with that your vessel should also be licensed. For the commercial fishing license, the cost will be $60 for Alaska residents and if a person is non resident of Alaska then they have to be charged $200 and it is valid for only a single year. Once it is expired then it is important to get it to renew, there are many private companies who are helping the people to get permission and even with the license work as well. You can contact the team for the procedures and you can also collect the details that will be helpful for you to use your vessel legally for commercial fishing and without any trouble by any of the authority or government party.

If you are fishing to the point then you need all the permissions and for the permission, you have to complete all the work and for that, you should have to download the form along with that you have to go with the permission and licensing procedures. You can check out the details of the West Coast commercial fishing permits because there are resources available with which you will able to complete the work. If you are looking to apply for the renewal, upgrade, transfer of a fishing permit in the West Coast region then you must have to check out the available resources that will be helpful for you, and if you are not sure what to do then no need to worry because there are private companies available which will help you to get the permits what you need for the commercial fishing. If you have a vessel and you want to use it for commercial fishing then you must have to look for the commercial fishing license along with the permission which will make you legal to do the fishing.

Look Out for the Alaska Federal Commercial Fishing Option

The vessel owners or the boat owners have to complete a number of formalities regarding the documentation work, and if a person is planning for the fishing then he or she has to take permission from the government and for the different regions, there are different kind of procedures available because every sea comes under certain region so it is very important to complete the documentation work accordingly. The online option is available to make the commercial fishing service legal and for that it will great to complete all the work and procedures to go with the commercial fishing without any interruption.

There are different options available, but the commercial fishing permit center is a private firm and it is not affiliated with the National Marine fisheries services so if you want to look for the fishing service work then you should have to check the details of Alaska Federal commercial fishing because Alaska’s salmon fisheries have been rebuilt from the low levels which will prevail at end of the territorial period to the highest level of sustained production which was recorded since commercial fishing started in 1878. There are different sustainable fisheries divisions are available which are together with the fishery management Council and that manage the fisheries in Federal water of the US. the federal wattles begin with the different areas it is important to take the permission which will be great for you and it will not create the problem when it about the commercial fishing service. There are many private firms available who will help you with the procedure of it so you can contact them for the details and even their website has all the details so you can visit there and check the details.

There are certain rules and regulations for the vessel owners especially for the people who are having any fishing vessel in the Caribbean sea and if you have then you have to carry a federal permit so it is important to check out the details about the Caribbean Federal commercial fishing vessel permission which will be applied online and it is based on whether you are a commercial, recreational, or for hire vessel. The owners or the operators of the vessel must obtain a federal permit to recreationally or commercially fish for regulated Atlantic HMS. There are regional and seasonal differences in the retention limit for the Atlantic HMS by permit types, so it is important to understand that what is the region or season you are from and the owner or the operator of the vessel must comply with applicable USCG and state regulation in addition to the federal requirements. If you are not sure about such a procedure then it would be recommended to take help from the private company or the third party companies who can help you with the entire procedure and provide you the assistance that will be helpful for you.


How to Get Into Commercial Fishing

Commercial fishing isn’t for the faint of heart; it’s harder work than you may think and sometimes requires long hours spent in severe circ...